NON-TRADITIONAL USES OF MICROIRRIGATION Freeze Protection of Florida Citrus with Microsprinkler Irrigation 25 L. R. Parsons and T. A. Wheaton Microsprinkler Irrigation for Freeze Protection of Young Citrus Trees ......... 31 F. S. Davies Aquaculture Aeration Using Irrigation Porous Pipe 37 F. S. Zazueta, R. A. Bucklin, M. Turner, F. A. Chapman and A. M. Lazur Subirrigation Using Drip Irrigation Laterals ..... 43 G. A. Clark and C. D. Stanley Non-traditional Use of Microirrigation Tubing for Water Quality Protection 49 C. D. Stanley and G. A. Clark Use of Ultra-Low Rate Application Devices to Eliminate Macropore Flow During Irrigation ........... 54 J. S. Selker, W. Cao and R. Roseberg
HYDRAULIC DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEMS (I) An Improved Finite Element Model for the Analysis of Microirrigation Systems ..................... 60 V. F. Bralts, P. J. Gerrish and R. Yue Computer Modeling and Simulation of Microirrigation Subunits ..................... 67 J. Rodrigo and F. Bonnet Friction Head Losses in Drip Irrigation Manifolds for Trapezoidal Shaped Subunits ..................... 74 J. L. de Paco Hydraulic Analysis of Microirrigation System by Unsteady Flow Approach 80 S. Nishiyama, T. Cho, H. Kawano and K. Ishizaki Finite Element Analysis of Large Scale Microirrigation System . 84 Y. Kang, S. Nishiyama and H. Kawano Finite Element Analysis of Drip Irrigation System 91 C. Chatterjee and K. N. Tiwari
MICROIRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER Pear Response to Saline Water Application under Subsurface Drip Irrigation 97 G. Oron, Y. DeMalach, L. Gillerman and I. David Facilitating Improved Irrigation and Salinity Management in an Ethnically Complex Population .... 104 B. A. Cumming, C. Erol and G. Mc Farlane Salinity and Boron Distribution in Microirrigated Almonds: Soil and Plant Accumulations ............ 110 R. B. Hutmacher, H. I. Nightingale, S. S. Vail, F. Dale, D. E. Rolston, D. W. Peters, P. H. Brown, T. Pflaum, A. D. Bravo and J. W. Biggar Automatic Microirrigation and Salt Injection System for Research and Commercial Application ................. 116 W. P. J. Wessels, W. H. Steyn and J. H. Moolman Salinity Effects on Vitis Vinifera L (cv. colombar) Grapevine ................. 123 J. H. Moolman, W. P. de Clercq, W. P. J. Wessels, A. Meiri and H. M. du Plessis Use of Brackish Water for Sustained Crop Production ................ 129 N. Hussain, G. D. Khan, S. M. Mehdi, G. Sarwar, M. S. Dogar and T. Hussain
SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION I Energy and Water Balances for Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigated Corn ........ 135 S. R. Evett, T. A. Howell and A. D. Schneider Impact of Bed Location on the Operation of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems 141 J. E. Ayars, C. J. Phene, R. A. Schoneman, B. Meso, F. Dale and J. Penland Evapotranspiration, Fertility Management for Subsurface Drip Acala and Pima Cotton ... 147 R. B. Hutmacher, C. J. Phene, K. R. Davis, S. S. Vail, T. A. Kerby, M. Peters, C. A. Hawk, M. Keeley, D. A. Clark, D. Ballard and N. Hudson Potential of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Management of Nitrate in Wastewater ............... 155 C. J. Phene and R. Ruskin Resource Conservation and Preservation through a New Subsurface Irrigation System ..................... 168 H. K. Barth
FERTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEMS Fertilizer Timing and Pan Evaporation Scheduling for Drip Irrigated Tomato .. 175 S. J. Locascio and A. G. Smajstrla Drip-Irrigation Management and Fertilization of Bell Pepper in a Humid Area ......... 181 R. P. Bracy, R. J. Edling and E. B. Moser Fertilization Requirements for Drip-Irrigated Bell Peppers Grown on Loamy Sand Soils ......................... 187 P. E. Neary, C. A. Storlie and J. W. Paterson Fertiga: A Computer Program for Fruit Tree Fertigation ................. 194 J. Vera and J. M. de la Pena Tomato Response to Phosphorus Nutrition via Drip Fertigation .......... 200 B. Bar-Yosef and P. Imas
SENSORS AND CONTROLS IN MICROIRRIGATION A Modified Tensiometer for Control of Potted Plant Irrigation in Nurseries . 209 F. S. Zazueta, M. Valiente-Gomez, J. I. Valiente-Banuet and T. Yeager Soil Water Sensor Placement and Interpretation for Drip Irrigation Management in Heterogeneous Soils .. 214 D. Or Solar Power Supply System Design for Irrigation Control at Remote Sites 223 R. J. Edling and M. J. Gaspard Irrigation Automation Conserves Resources to Meet Demands of a Changing World ......... 228 D. W. Champion and S. Suggs Advances in Microirrigation Control by Sap-flow Monitoring Systems ................... 234 M. G. van Bavel
CHEMIGATION AND WATER TREATMENT FOR MICROIRRIGATION Iron Control System for Drip Irrigation ............. 239 I. Bar Performance Evaluation of Filters and Emitters with Secondary Effluent ..... 244 I. Ravina, E. Paz, G. Sagi, A. Schischa, A. Marcu, Z. Yechiely, Z. Sofer and Y. Lev Clogging of Drip Irrigation Systems by Colonial Protozoa and Sulfur Bacteria .................... 250 G. Sagi, E. Paz, I. Ravina, A. Schischa, A. Marcu and Z. Yechiely Hydraulic Characteristics of an Economical By-Pass Injector for Microirrigation 255 M. Larhrafi and S. Nishiyama
MICROIRRIGATION ALTERNATIVES TO LIMITED WATER SUPPLIES Reclaimed Municipal Water for Citrus Irrigation in Florida ...................... 262 L. R. Parsons, T. A. Wheaton and P. Cross Irrigating with Reclaimed Water through Permanent Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems .................... 269 E. C. Gushiken Deficit Irrigation of Microirrigated Tomatoes and Citrus on High Water Table Soils .......................... 275 T. A. Obreza and D. J. Pitts Drip and Spray Irrigation of Citrus Orchards in Israel 281 S. Dasberg
MICROIRRIGATION OF TURF AND LANDSCAPES Maximum Run Time for Sprinkling Irrigation ...... 288 J. Y. T. Hung and A. C. Krinik Determination of Emitter Spacing and Irrigation Run Time Including Plant Root Depth ......................... 292 J. Y. T. Hung Microirrigation for Small and Irregular Landscape Areas ......................... 297 T. Bressan Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) on Turfgrass: A University Experience .. 300 D. F. Zoldoske, S. Genito and G. S. Jorgensen
STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS Standards Development for Microirrigation ........ 303 K. H. Solomon and A. R. Dedrick International Developments in Microirrigation ........... 314 F. S. Zazueta
INTERNATIONAL STATUS AND EXPERIENCES WITH MICROIRRIGATION I Status and Growth of Microirrigation in Florida 325 A. Smajstrla, W. G. Boggess, B. J. Boman, G. A. Clark, D. Z. Haman, G. W. Knox, S. J. Locascio, T. A. Obreza, L. R. Parsons, F. M. Rhoads, T. Yeager and F. S. Zazueta The Current Status of Microirrigation Systems in Dade County ............. 331 C. M. Yurgalevitch, L. S. Tenny and D. S. Ulmer Review of Development of Microirrigation in Poland 336 J. Jeznach, E. Pierzgalski and D. Haman The Future of Microirrigation ........... 341 S. K. Dua Success of Drip in India: An Example to the Third World ....................... 347 S. K. Suryawanshi Microirrigation in India - Achievement and Perspective ............... 353 R. S. Saksena
SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION II The Sustainability and Potential of Subsurface Drip Irrigation ................... 359 C. J. Phene Subsurface Microirrigation Management and Lateral Spacing for Cotton in the Southeastern USA 368 C. R. Camp, P. G. Hunt and P. J. Bauer Subsurface and Surface Microirrigation of Corn - U.S. Southern High Plains 375 T. A. Howell, A. D. Schneider and B. A. Stewart Subsurface Dripline Spacing and Plant Population for Corn Production ................ 382 H. L. Manges, W. E. Spurgeon, Z. M. Huang and D. J. Tomsicek Corn Production Using Subsurface Drip Irrigation 388 F. R. Lamm, W. E. Spurgeon, D. H. Rogers and H. L. Manges Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) for Field Corn -- An Economic Analysis ................... 395 K. C. Dhuyvetter, F. R. Lamm and D. H. Rogers
DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEMS Bubbler Irrigation System Design and Management ............. 402 M. Yitayew, C. A. Reynolds and A. E. Sheta Lysimeter-Based Crop Coefficients for Highbush Blueberries ............... 414 C. A. Storlie Response of Young Blueberry Plants to Microirrigation in Florida 420 D. Z. Haman, A. G. Smajstrla, R. T. Pritchard, P. M. Lyrene and F. S. Zazueta A Simple Method to Design Tapered Sloping Manifolds .................. 425 F. S. Zazueta and A. G. Smajstrla Effects of Irrigation and Two Soil Management Schemes on Yield and Fruit Quality of Peaches in Uruguay 431 G. B. Giannetto and M. G. Petillo Water Balance of a Trickle Irrigation System on Tin-tailings ................ 436 S. B. Said
INTERNATIONAL STATUS AND EXPERIENCES WITH MICROIRRIGATION II Introduction of Pressure Irrigation in Developing Countries .................. 442 D. Nir Issues of Standardisation and Scope of Drip Irrigation in India 446 H. S. Chauhan The Status of Microirrigation in Maharashtra, India ..... 452 S. S. Magar Scope and Potential of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems in Rajasthan, India ......................... 457 Jaspal Singh, A. K. Singh and R. Garg A Comparison of Irrigation Methods in Arid and Semi-arid Western Gujrat—India ............. 464 D. D. Malavia, V. D. Khanpara, H. K. Sobhana and B. A. Golakiya
MICROIRRIGATION OF FRUIT CROPS Microirrigation Effects on Two Apple Cultivars and Rootstocks ............... 470 R. C. Funt, M. C. Schmittgen and J. C. Golden Influence of Microsprinklers on Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees, Ohio 477 R. C. Funt, M. S. Biggs, M. C. Schmittgen and J. C. Golden Soil Sensor Actuated Microirrigation of Apples 486 M. Meron, R. Assaf, B. Bravdo, R. Wallach, R. Hallel, A. Levin and I. Dahan Effects of Irrigation Periods on Citrus Yield and Fruit Quality in Uruguay 492 M. G. Petillo Status of Drip Irrigation Systems in Maharashtra 497 D. G. Holsambre
MICROIRRIGATION IN VEGETABLE CROP SYSTEMS Improving Vegetable Production Using Microirrigation in the Virgin Islands ..................... 502 M. C. Palada, S. M. A. Crossman and C. D. Collingwood Microirrigation of Melons under Plastic Mulch in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas ....................... 510 G. Fipps and E. Perez Microirrigation Design Considerations for Sandy Soil Vegetable Production Systems ................... 516 G. A. Clark, C. D. Stanley, A. G. Smajstrla and F. S. Zazueta Irrigation Efficiency on Muskmelon with Drip Tape and Plastic Mulch...... 522 G. Briones S., J. A. Arellano S., L. E. Ramirez R. and J. P. Munguia L. Comparative Suitability of Drip Irrigation over Furrow Irrigation ................... 526 B. A. Chandio, S. M. Yaseen and M. I. Rao
WATER AND ENERGY CONSERVATION WITH MICROIRRIGATION Simulated Crop Water Use, a GIS Approach . 532 P. Papajorgji, F. S. Zazueta, J. N. Xin, and C. Moore Microirrigation Conservation Project on Quincy Tomatoes ...... 538 B. F. Castro, B. R. Durden, S. M. Olson, and F. M. Rhoads Intake Screen Plugging Effects on Microirrigation Pump Station Performance 544 B. J. Boman and M. L. Parsons Application of Microirrigation Technology to Major Irrigation Projects 550 N. R. Sawleshwarkar
MICROIRRIGATION IN CONTAINER AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION Pulsing Microirrigation for Production of Container-grown Landscape Ornamental – I. Plant Growth and Water Conservation ... 552 R. C. Beeson, Jr. and J. J. Haydu An Economic Assessment of Irrigated Container-grown Landscape Plants with Overhead or Pulsed Systems ................... 559 J. J. Haydu and R. C. Beeson, Jr. A System of Microirrigation for Optimum Fertilizing Study in Hippeastrum spp ....... 566 Ch. Alekperov, F. Barukhin, J. Ben-Asher and J. Ephrath Chemical Root Pruning and its Effects on Water Relations and Root Morphology of Photinia 571 D. R. Vartak, J. M. Zajicek, M. J. McFarland and M. A. Arnold
WATER FILTRATION FOR MICROIRRIGATION Long-Term Operation of Microirrigation Filtration Systems; Successes, Failures and Operational Solutions .................. 579 K. P. Phillips Measuring the Dirtiness of Irrigation Water for Microirrigation Filters . 586 A. S. van Niekerk Experience with Fiberglass Filters in Hawaii's Sugar Industry 592 W. Bui Study Approaches for Trickle Irrigation Screen Filters ....................... 597 H. S. Chauhan
SOIL, PLANT AND WATER RELATIONSHIPS WITH MICROIRRIGATION An Approximate Time-Dependent Solution for Point-Source Infiltration 603 Ph. Revol, B. E. Clothier, B. Lesaffre and G. Vachaud Field Evaluation of Water and Solute Movement from a Point Source .......... 609 M. Yitayew and A. A. Khan Pulsating Microirrigation for Optimal Water Use and Control in the Soil ...... 615 E. Kenig, E. Mor and G. Oron Modelling a Finite Cylindrical Trickle Source with Cylindrical Root Uptake ..................... 621 S. K. Agodzo, J. W. Gowing and M. A. Adey Modelling of Saturated Regime as Affected by Emitter Application Rates 628 R. K. Gupta, R. P. Rudra and W. T. Dickinson Irrigation Water Management for Mustard through Simulation ..... 633 Rajinder Singh and Joginder Singh
MICROIRRIGATION OF ROW CROPS Experiences with Microirrigation for Agronomic Crops in the Southeastern USA ..... 638 C. R. Camp, E. J. Sadler, W. J. Busscher, R. E. Sojka and D. L. Karlen Drip Irrigation of Flue-cured Tobacco .......... 645 I. Bar Drip Irrigation of Row Crops: An Overview .... 651 B. R. Hanson Potato Production using Subsurface Drip Irrigation -- Water and Nitrogen Management ............. 656 H. Neibling and R. Brooks A Microirrigation System for Peanut Research Plots 664 J. W. Worthington and J. R. Schmidt A History of Drip-Irrigated Cotton in Texas 669 J. C. Henggeler
PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROIRRIGATION Use and Performance of Thermoplastics in Microirrigation Systems 675 E. Marans Single Swap-Top Spray Jet Does the Job of Three 682 S. S. Thayer Enhancing Subsurface Drip Irrigation through Vector FlowTM .......... 688 D. F. Welsh, U. D. Kreuter and J. D. Byles Microirrigation and Water Consumption in a Rain-Shielding Vinyl Film Greenhouse .............. 694 Y. Nakano and M. Kuroda Considerations for Component Selection in Microsprinkler Systems 701 B. J. Boman and M. L. Parsons The Design of Trickle Irrigation Systems with Microtubes as Emitters 708 A. M. Ishaq and M. A. Ibrahim
MICROIRRIGATION FOR CROP PRODUCTION Water Use and Irrigation Control of Drip-Irrigated Sugar Cane ............... 717 C. H. Batchelor and G. C. Soopramanien Microirrigation for Fruit Production in Chile .... 723 D. Z. Haman and L. G. Salgado Application of Subsurface Irrigation on a Hop Plantation .......... 729 E. Pierzgalski Adoption of Microirrigation Technology in Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) on Vertisols in a Semi Arid Climate .............. 735 S. S. Magar Present Status and Future of Microirrigation in India ......................... 740 R. K. Sivanappan Microirrigation Effect on the Growth and Water Use of Tea (Camellia sinensis) 745 A. Anandacoomaraswamy
UNIFORMITY IN MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEMS Porous Pipe Discharge Uniformity ................. 750 R. E. Yoder and C. R. Mote Irrigation Uniformity of a Pear Orchard Microirrigation System .................... 756 C. Garcia, R. Quintana and J. Furest Emitter Flow Rate Changes Caused by Excavating Subsurface Microirrigation Tubing . 763 E. J. Sadler, C. R. Camp and W. J. Busscher Field Performance of Microirrigation Systems 769 B. Hanson, W. Bowers, B. Davidoff, D. Kasapligil, A. Carvajal and W. Bendixen Growers' Experiences and On-farm Microirrigation Efficiencies .............. 775 V. B. Dalvi, G. U. Satpute, M. N. Pawade and K. N. Tiwari
SCHEDULING OF MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEM A Simple Optimal Microirrigation Scheduling 781 I. P. Wu Real-time Expert System for Citrus Microirrigation Management 787 J. N. Xin, F. S. Zazueta, A. G. Smajstrla and T. A. Wheaton Scheduling Microirrigations for Wine Grapes using CIMIS ... 792 D. Pitts, M. Bianchi and K. Clark Irrigation Scheduling of Microirrigation Systems using the SCS-Scheduler 799 V. F. Bralts, W. H. Shayya and T. Lei High-Frequency Microirrigation for Environmental Control and Increased Water Application Efficiency .................. 806 V. I. Sardo and C. Germana Microirrigation for Artificial Revegetation Bed Soil Focused on Arid Lands 812 S. Segawa, T. Yamamoto, A. Tanaka, M. Inoue and S. Yokotsuka
ONE-ON-ONE POSTER PRESENTATIONS Economic Analysis of Microirrigation of Pomegranate in India . 818 S. K. Bendale, H. S. Chauhan and K. N. Shukla Studies on Drip Irrigation Installation for Grapes Around Hyderabad (India) 824 G. Ravi Babu, K. N. Shukla and H. S. Chauhan Present Status of Microirrigation in Tamilnadu, India ......................... 830 M. V. Somasundaram, V. Duraisaminathan and N. V. Pundarikanthan Apple Coloring and Yield Studies under Microsprinkler Systems 835 K. Zhang, Y. Dang and F. Miao Modelling the Soil Water Balance under Microirrigation ........... 840 J. G. Annandale and G. S. Campbell A Simple Equation to Estimate Soil-water Movement from a Drip Irrigation Source ........ 851 F. S. Zazueta, G. A. Clark, A. G. Smajstrla and M. Carrillo Distribution Characteristics of Microsprinklers .......... 857 A. K. Pandey, H. S. Chauhan, K. K. Singh and K. N. Shukla Studies on Single Nozzle Performance of Microsprinklers .......... 863 A. K. Pandey, H. S. Chauhan, K. N. Shukla and K. K. Singh Reducing Lateral Head Loss by Hemispherical Emitter Barb Protrusion 869 M. S. M. Amin Clean Pressure Drop and Loss Coefficients for Trickle Irrigation Screen Filters ....................... 875 D. S. Parwal, H. S. Chauhan and C. S. Jaiswal Hydraulic Response of Drip Irrigation Sand Filters 881 V. K. Sood and H. S. Chauhan Treatment Requirements of Secondary Effluent for Microirrigation ........... 887 D. J. Hills and M. Tajrishy Cabbage Growth under Different Irrigation Methods 893 H. S. Chauhan and P. Srivastava Effect of Microsprinkler and Other Irrigation Methods on Cabbage . 899 P. Srivastava and H. S. Chauhan Exploratory Studies on Microirrigation for Processing Tomatoes in Central Brazil ............ 904 W. L. C. Silva and W. A. Marouelli Response of Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.) under Microsprinkler and Other Methods of Irrigation ................... 909 K. L. Singh, H. S. Chauhan, K. K. Singh and S. Ram Field Studies of Drip and Other Methods of Irrigation on Various Growth Aspects of Tomato ................. 913 P. K. Rao, Raj V. Singh, H. S. Chauhan and K. N. Shukla Field Studies on Drip and Other Methods of Irrigation on Yields and Water Use of Tomato . 919 P. K. Rao, Raj V. Singh and H. S. Chauhan Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Evaluate Transpiration Ratios of Pearl Millet ............... 923 W. A. Payne, B. Gerard and M. C. Klaij Microcomputer Programs for Irrigation Management: CitRie-PC 932 J. de Zayas Diaz, E. Toledo and N. Oceguera Drip Irrigation Technology as a Powerful Tool to Protect our Environment .............. 937 U. Or Economic Analysis of Microirrigation Systems Considering Field Shape Parameters ............... 944 D. T. Shete, D. B. Raut and P. M. Modi Drip Irrigation with Agrowells for Vegetable Production in Sri Lanka..... 949 C. S. De Silva Minimizing Nitrate Leaching in Citrus Orchards with Low Volume Irrigation....955 D. Swietlik Yield, Growth and Nitrate Leaching in Drip-irrigated Citrus Trees under Different Fertigation Treatments..... 961 J. R. Castel, A. L. Lidon, C. Ginestar and C. Ramos Watermark Moisture Sensors -- Use with ET Based Scheduling Models..... 969 W. R. Pogue and J. L. Kline Tree Clip Development in Microirrigation Allows Easy Frost and Freeze Protection...... 975 S. S. Thayer